Annotated Results: 2 Visual Arts

Please add comments. Tell us about work we've missed. Add work published after we closed our review.

In your annotated additions please tell what was studied, what benefits were found, what quality of life benefits were found, and how well benefits were sustained.

Thanks. Don

2. Visual Arts

Beaujon-Couch, J. (1997). Behind the veil: mandala drawings by dementia patients. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(3),187-193.
The 13 stages of the MARI Card Test (a psychological instrument developed by Joan Kellogg based on Carl Jung’s theories of archetypal imagery) were used to categorize drawings created by PWD. Six stages were drawn most frequently and certain colors were described as indicating thoughts and emotions PWD experience but cannot express verbally due to the disease process. Among 471 mandalas, drawn by 71 PWD, many were found to be similar in design. The authors state, “The MARI card test can…facilitate understanding of each patient’s symbolic expression and provide the art therapist with valuable clinical information” (192).

Chaudhury, H. (2003). Remembering Home through Art. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, 4(2), 119-124.
This article explores the use of art to encourage reminiscence of familiar, comforting memories such as home.

Doric-Henrdy, L. (1997). Pottery as Art Therapy with Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14, 162-171.
This study looked at the utilization of pottery as art therapy with seniors in nursing homes as an important tool for psychotherapists working with PWD.

Espinel, C.H. (1996). de Kooning’s Late Colours and Forms: Dementia, Creativity, and the Healing Power of Art. The Lancet, 347 (9008), 1096-1099.
This article uses the art career of Willem de Kooning, particularly his “recovery” period in which he was quite prolific, to explore art “as an aid for understanding dementia, and art as a discipline for the study of the mind,” (1098). The author raises the question: “how does creativity, a preeminently human function, depend upon and adapt to biological and environmental influences, to age, to disease?”(1098).

Johnson, C.M. & Sullivan-Marx, E.M. (2006). Art Therapy: Using the Creative Process for Healing and Hope Among African American Older Adults. Geriatric Nursing, 27, 5, 309-316.
Two case studies are discussed and examples of artwork provided. The article explores how art making addresses the specific developmental tasks of the elderly in a culturally competent manner (specifically, using storytelling and life review with African-Americans who value such skills). The authors suggest that the field of AT combines the potent resource of art with the creative process to bring healing and hope, thereby helping clients make meaning of their lives. Accordingly, AT offers healing by providing social connection, the experience of control and the opportunity to both express and manage emotions and offers hope by facilitating nonverbal communication and providing opportunity to create meaning through life review (309). Most importantly, the artwork is a visual reminder for participants that they can still accomplish and learn new things despite limited mobility or cognition (312). The authors argue that AT makes it possible for others to see beyond the limitations of PWD to their strengths and beauty (316).

Johnson, C.M.; Lahey, P.; & Shore, A. (1992). An Exploration of Creative Arts therapeutic group work on an Alzheimer’s unit. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 19(4), 269-277.
This article discusses the role of arts activities in groups and includes a description of the authors’ long-term care facility, a summary of AD, exploration of the “loss of self” phenomenon, rationale for including creative arts therapies in special care unit, and a discussion of issues relative to group process and technique with AD patients within a therapy-orientation model.

Kahn-Denis, K. (1997). Art therapy with geriatric dementia clients. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association,14(3), 194-199.
This article explains how the evocative nature of art allows PWD to become expressive and bypass some of their cognitive deficits. The authors argue that art’s versatility supports cognitive status and gives the therapist a flexible method of releasing obscured thinking and feeling processes. They outline the benefits of art therapy as assisting with diagnosis and evaluation of cognitive status, providing a vehicle for nonverbal communication, offering a vehicle for reminiscing, enabling sensory stimulation, and providing a self-reflective activity that has art work itself as the intended end product.

Kamar, O. (1997). Light and Death: art therapy with a patient with Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Art Therapy, 35, 120-121.
In this article the therapist worked with a group of between 7-12 participants with AD for 2 years in a day care center for the elderly in Hampstead, North London. The focus is on a case-study of one man who rejected initial attempts at cooperative work but then created remarkable “creatures” similar to those found in prehistoric cave paintings, which his therapist read as metaphors for his anxiety and fears. The authors suggest that art therapy can be used as alternative to verbal communication, self-expression, and an outlet for tension and frustration. They note that the intervention can only momentarily heighten QOL, but is still powerful in allowing for communication and reducing tension, isolation, and frustration.

Killick, J. & Allan, K. (1999b). The arts in dementia care: touching the human spirit. Journal of Dementia Care, 7, 5, 33-37.
This article looks at the use of Montessori-based art therapies in dementia care as a means for “reaching” people with dementia. The visual arts are discussed in terms of its application in “diagnosis and assessment, promoting non-verbal communication, enhancing opportunities for reminiscence, its application to sensory stimulation and enjoyment, and finally in strengthening the individual’s sense of self” (pp 33).

Kinney, J. & Rentz, C. (2005). Observed well-being among individuals with dementia: Memories in the Making, an art program, versus other structured activity. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias, 20(4), 220-227.
In this article seven domains of well-being with 12 PWD spanning a diversity atypical in most studies reviewed (5 men, 7 women, with a range of diagnoses, 65-85, 5 African Americans, 7 white persons, an equal number of blue collar and professional persons, with a range of art experience) were observed during traditional adult daycare activities and “Memories in the Making,” an art program that “encourages self-expression through the visual arts” (220). PWD displayed significantly more interest, sustained attention, pleasure, self-esteem, and normalcy (problematically defined) during participation in the program and sustained attention for periods of 30-45 minutes.

Lev-Wiesel, R. & Hirshenzon-Segev, E. (2003). Alzheimer’s disease as reflected in self-figure drawings of diagnosed patients. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 30, 83-89.
This study used self-figure drawings to observe AD in persons with and without Alzheimer’s. The 32 subjects included 4 persons with early, 8 with moderate, and 4 with late-stage AD as well as 16 control subjects. Findings suggest that the greater the severity of cognitive decline, the earlier the artistic developmental stage. That is, they argue that the severity of AD is reflected in artistic developmental stages. Importantly, even those who suffered from severe moderate dementia managed to comply to the request “draw yourself.” Therefore, the use of AT in general and drawing in specific seems to be a useful channel of communication with AD patients, regardless of disease stage (88).

Malley, S.M., Datillo, J. & Gast, D. (2002), Effects of visual arts instruction on the mental health of adults with mental retardation and mental illness. Mental Retardation, 40(4), 278-296.
This article examines the effects of visual arts instruction, namely painting, on the mental health of adults with intellectual disabilities and/or mental illnesses.

Newell-Walker, U. (2002). Getting a picture of the client’s world view: art-making and subjectivity as evidence. Journal of Social Work Practice,16(1), 43-54.
This article outlined an approach for social workers to make sense of nonverbal communications through a project exploring 9 self-selected subjects undergoing midlife and its transitions. It found that art-making that accentuates sensory exploration, curiosity, and experimentation, contributed to a changed relationship with self and the external world. The author states that “when adult clients seem to be very ‘stuck’, life-stage may be a factor and creative work useful. Jung (1933) contended that the onset of the second half of life is often experienced as difficult because the familiar “rules” from earlier adulthood falter, and thoughts of mortality increasingly intrude…creative activity is useful for the development of increased tolerance of uncertainty and chaos…Art making can enable reconnection, and drawings can be a map of the process” (53-4).

Radley, A. & Taylor, D. (2003). Remembering One’s stay in hospital: a study in photography, recovery, and forgetting. health: an interdisciplinary journal for the social study of health, illness, and medicine, 7(2), 129-159.
Using one woman’s lens, the authors describe how photo-based interviews made legible the images of hospital experience and the part these images played in the respondent’s account of her recovery. The study shows how remembering involves an ongoing transfer between different kinds of representation and how photos can serve as “retrospective evidence.” Data is drawn from 9 patients hospitalized at least one week who were asked to photograph up to 12 things they found significant about their stay. One female subject was featured because of the range of photos she took and the richness of her interview demonstrating key issues of recovery and recall, and re-presenting displaced experiences through photos as communicative acts.

Reynolds, F. & Lim, K.H. (2007). Contribution of visual art making to subjective well-being of women living with cancer: a qualitative study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(1), 1-10.
In this study the views about the contribution of art-making to the subjective well-being of 12 women living with cancer were explored, based on the principles of interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). Psychosocial benefits to well-being listed in response to the challenges posed by illness were: enhancing the present moment, an outward expression of positive life experience, enhanced self worth and identity through opportunities to demonstrate continuity, challenge, and achievement, resistance to a social identity subsumed under the master status symbol of cancer, and for a minority, it enabled symbolic expression of feelings. Researchers did caution the possibility of obtaining “heroic narratives” to enhance self-presentation but strategies were believed to manage illness-related anxieties rather than distort or deny difficult realities.

Seifert L.S. & Baker M.K. (2002). Art and Alzheimer-Type Dementia A Longitudinal Study. Clinical Gerontologist, 26(1/2), 3-15.
Based on the promise of art activities for individuals with probable AD to provide enjoyable, supportive environments for those with mild to moderate dementia, this study examined several tasks over a three-month period tested in a group setting at a long-term care facility. This study included not only those with mild memory difficulties, but also individuals with moderate to severe dementia, something largely missing from the literature. Five individuals without dementia and five individuals with probable AD participated on a regular basis. The most successful art activities utilized stickers. All participants seemed able to acquire basic skills associated with making pictures with stickers. In fact, individuals with probable AD retained the “sticker placing” skill after a three-month retention interval and transferred it to a slightly different task, as well.

Shore, A. (1997). Promoting Wisdom: the role of art therapy in geriatric settings. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association,14(3), 172-177.
This article looks at the role of storytelling through art in allowing participants to share wisdom, leave a legacy, and find meaning in their lives. The struggle inherent in the creative art process is examined as a means to facilitate developmental struggle, through symbol formation, conflict resolution, using mature defenses (like suppression, sublimation, altruism), culminating in wisdom, even in PWD. The author states, “The failure to struggle with pain can result in a disconnected and dormant state” (172).

The Research, Our Questions, Comments on Results

At the end of January 2007 I posed several questions for fellow travelers I'm in contact with by email. Twenty five responded and almost all gave multiple responses, which added up to eighteen pages of ten font single spaced data.

The questions were about how persons manage their challenges and what they do to enrich their lives. The results show clearly that our fellow travelers are quite eloquent on these issues.

This led to commissioning a thorough review of existing studies of life enriching activities. Results of this literature review turned out to be more important than we had imagined and will be published in proper research style.

This research was done in proper scholarly style so that we could look at unbiased results for answers to three questions:

1 What do we know about means for enriching lives of persons having memory blues?

2 Can these means be helpful to these persons living at home?

3 Can information technologies be used to help implement these means for these persons living at home?

Here I and others will comment on what these research results tell us about our three questions.

The alphabetical list of references is posted. As I post annotated results in six categories, I and others will post more comments. Comments are welcome from anyone reading this blog.

The six categories for annotated results are:
1 - Music
2 - Visual Arts
3 - Drama
4 - Dance & Movement
5 - Mixed & Miscellaneous
6 - Other Activities

We learned very little about the second and third of our questions above. About the first question we learned that what we know is mainly suggestive.

Our review thus turns to identification of improvements needed to answer our questions and address issues giving rise to our questions.

Key empirical improvements needed are:

1 more adequate specifications of study design, more adequate specifications of activities, and more adequate specifications of methods;

2 more adequate measurement tools;

3 more adequate use of life enrichment measures rather than clinical outcomes; and

5 more adequate systematic analysis of data.

Key substantive improvements needed are:

1 more direct testimony by persons living with challenges;

2 more focus on life enriching values of process rather than than clinical outcome products;

3 more inclusion of persons with early stage challenges; and

4 more attention to persons living at home (most studies are in skilled care facilities).

When the literature review is published it will include a major section on designing studies which can better answer our questions and a major section on designing studies so that the results are more reliable for addressing issues giving rise to our questions.

References in Alphabetical Order

These are the references reviewed in our literature search in alphabetical order. We'll also post them in category order with annotations.

The categories will be:
1 - Music
2 - Visual Arts
3 - Drama
4 - Dance & Movement
5 - Mixed & Miscellaneous
6 - Other Activities

The search found 236 articles of which 183 were deemed relevant. Details of the search, findings, conclusions, etc. will be posted separately.

Aldridge, D. (2003). Music therapy references relating to cancer and palliative care. British Journal of Music Therapy, 17(1), 17-25.

Aldridge, D. (2000). Music Therapy in Dementia Care. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Aldridge, D. (1998). Music Therapy and the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 4(1), 17-30.

Aldridge, D. & Aldridge, G. (1992). Two epistemologies: music therapy and medicine in the treatment of dementia. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 19, 243-255.

Alessi, C.A.; Yoon, E.J.; Schnelle, J.F. et al. (1999). A randomized trial of a combined physical activity and environmental intervention in nursing home residents: do sleep and agitation improve? Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 47, 784-791.

Allan, K. & Killick, J. (2000). The arts in dementia care: Undiminished possibility. Journal of dementia care, 8, 3, 16-18.

Arakawa-Davies, K. (1997). Dance/movement therapy and reminiscence: a new approach to senile dementia in Japan. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 24(3), 291-299.

Argyle, E. & Bolton, G. (2005). Art in the community for potentially vulnerable mental health groups. Health Education, 105(5), 340-354.

Ashida, S. (2000). The effect of reminiscence music therapy sessions on changes in depressive symptoms in elderly persons with dementia. Journal of Music Therapy, 37, 170-182.

Banks-Wallace, J. (2002). Talk that talk: storytelling and analysis rooted in African-American oral tradition. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 410-426.

Basting, A.D. (2006). Arts in Dementia Care: ‘This Is Not the End...It's the End of This Chapter.’ Generations, 30(1), 6-20.

Basting, A.D. (2001). ‘God is a talking horse’: dementia and the performance of self.
The Drama Review, 45(3), 78-94.

Batson, P. (1998). Drama as therapy: bringing memories to life. Journal of Dementia Care, 6, 19-21.

Beaujon-Couch, J. (1997). Behind the veil: mandala drawings by dementia patients. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(3),187-193.

Berrol, C.F. (2000). The spectrum of research options for dance/movement therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 22(1), 29-46.

Bober, S.J.; McLellan, E.; McBee, L.; & Westreich, L. (2002). The Feelings Art Group a vehicle for personal expression in skilled nursing home residents with dementia. Journal-of-Social-Work-in-Long-Term-Care, 1(4), 73-87.

Bright, R. (1992). Music Therapy in the Management of Dementia. In B. Miesen & G. Jones (Eds.), Caregiving in Dementia: Research and Applications. London: Routledge.

Brooker, D.J. & Woolley, R.J. (2007). Enriching opportunities for people living with dementia: the development of a blueprint for a sustainable activity-based model. Aging and Mental Health, 11(4), 371-383.

Brooker, D.J.; Woolley, R.J. & Lee, D. (2007). Enriching opportunities for people living with dementia in nursing homes: an evaluation of a multi-level activity-based model of care. Aging and Mental Health, 11(4), 361-370.

Brooker, D.J. & Duce, L. (2000). Well-being and activity in dementia: a comparison of group reminiscence therapy, structured goal-directed activity, and unstructured time. Aging and Mental Health, 4 (4), 354-358.

Brotons, M. & Koger, S.M. (2000). The Impact of Music Therapy on Language Functioning in Dementia. Journal of Music Therapy, XXXVII, 183-195.

Brotons, M. & Marti, P. (2003). Music therapy with Alzheimer’s patients and their family caregivers: a pilot project. Journal of Music Therapy, 40, 138-150.

Bugos, J.A.; Perlstein, W.M.; McCrae, C.S.; Brophy, T.S.; & Bedenbaugh, P.H. (2007). Individualized Piano Instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 11(4), 464-471.

Butterfield-Whitcomb, J. (1994). “I would weave a song for you”: Therapeutic music and milieu for dementia residents. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 18(2), 57-74.

Butterfield-Whitcomb, J. (1993). The way to go home: Creating comfort through therapeutic music and milieu. American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research, 8(6), 1-10.

Byres, A. (1995). Beyond marks: working with people with severe memory loss. Inscape, 1, 13-18.

Camberg, L.; Woods, P.; & Ooi, W.L. (1999). Evaluation of simulated presence: A personalized approach to enhance well-being in persons with AD. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(4), 446-452.

Camp, C. J. & Skrajner, M.J. (2004). Resident-assisted Montessori programming (RAMP): training persons with dementia to serve as group activity leaders. The Gerontologist, 44(3), 426-431.

Carruth, E. (1997). The effects of singing and the spaced retrieval technique on improving face-name recognition in nursing home residents with memory loss. Journal of Music Therapy, 34(3), 165-186.

Cartwright, J.C.; Archbold, P.G.; Stewart, B.J.; & Limandri, B. (1994). Enrichment Processes in Family Caregiving to Frail Elders. Advances in Nursing Science, 17(1), 31-43.

Casson, J. (1994). Flying towards Neverland. Dramatherapy, 36(2/3), 2-7.

Cheston, (1998). Psychotherapeutic work with people with dementia: A review of the literature. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 211-231.

Chung, J. (2004). Activity Participation and Well-being of People with dementia in long term care settings. Occupation, Participation, and Health, 24(1), 22-31.

Chaudhury, H. (2003). Remembering Home through Art. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, 4(2), 119-124.

Christie, M.E. (1992). Music therapy applications in a skilled and intermediate care nursing home facility: A clinical study. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 16(4), 69-87.

Clair, A.A. (1996). The effect of singing on alert responses in persons with late stage dementia. Journal of Music Therapy, 33(4), 234-247.

Clark, M.E.; Lipe, A.W. & Bilbrey, M. (1998). Use of music to decrease aggressive behaviors in people with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 24(7), 10-17.

Coaten, R. (2001). Exploring reminiscence through dance and movement. Journal of Dementia Care, 9, 19-22.

Cohen-Mansfield, . (2005). Nonpharmacological Interventions for Persons with Dementia. Alzheimer, 6, 129-145.

Crighton, S. (1997). Moving is the language I use, Communication is my goal. Journal of Dementia Care, 5, 16-17.

Crown, H. (1989). A shared journey: art therapy in the treatment of a woman with Pick’s disease. American Journal of Art Therapy, 28, 26.

Cuddy, L.L. & Duffin, J. (2005). Music, memory, and Alzheimer’s disease: is music recognition spared in dementia, and how can it be assessed? Medical Hypotheses, 64, 229-235.

Daykin, N.; McClean, S. & Bunt, L. (2007). Creativity, identity and healing: participants’ accounts of music therapy in cancer care. health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 11(3), 349-370.

Daykin, N. (2005). Disruption, dissonance and embodiment: Creativity, health and risk in music narratives. health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 9(1), 67-87.

Dent-Brown, K. & Wang, M. (2006). The mechanism of storymaking: a grounded theory study of the 6-part story method. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33, 316-330.

Devlin, B. (2006). AddedThe art of healing and knowing in cancer and palliative care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 12(1), 16-19.

Dewdney, I. (1975). An Art Therapy Program for Geriatric Patients. In E. Ulman, (Ed.), Art therapy in theory and practice (Chapter 9). New York: Schocken Books.

Donald, J. & Hall, S. (1999). Dance: The Getting There Group. Journal of Dementia Care, 7(3), 25-27.

Doric-Henrdy, L. (1997). Pottery as Art Therapy with Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14, 162-171.

Dowd S.B, & Davidhizar, R. (2004). Chess and gardening: the Rx for Alzheimer's?
Caring : National Association for Home Care Magazine, 23(6), 34-38

Dowd S.B, & Davidhizar, R. (2003). Can mental and physical activities such as chess and gardening help in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's? Healthy aging through stimulation of the mind. Journal of Practical Nursing, 53(3), 11-13.

Ehrenfeld, M. (2003). Using therapeutic dolls with psychogeriatric patients. In Schaefer C.E. (Ed.), Play therapy with adults. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Ehrenfeld, M. & Bergman, R. (1995). The therapeutic use of dolls. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 31, 21-22.

Espinel, C.H. (1996). de Kooning’s Late Colours and Forms: Dementia, Creativity, and the Healing Power of Art. The Lancet, 347 (9008), 1096-1099.

Garwin, L. (2007). Harmony of the Hemispheres. Nature, 449, 977.

Gerdner, L.A. (2005). Use of individualized music by trained staff and family: Translating research into practice. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31(6), 22-30.

Gerdner, L.A. (2000). Effects of individualized versus classical relaxation music on the frequency of agitation in elderly persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. International Psychogeriatrics, 12, 49-65.

Gerdner, L.A. (1999). Individualized music intervention protocol. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 25(10), 10-16.

Gersie, A. (1991). Storymaking in bereavement: dragons fight in the meadow. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Gibson, F. (1994). What can reminiscence contribute to people with dementia? In Bornat J. (Ed.), Reminiscence Reviewed: Perspectives, Evaluations, Achievements (pp 53). Buckingham: Open University Press.

Gigliotti, C.M.; Jarrott S.E.; & Yorgason, J. (2004). Harvesting Health: effects of three types of horticultural therapy activities for persons with dementia. Dementia 3(2), 161-180.

Glynn, N.J. (1992). The music therapy assessment tool in Alzheimer’s patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 18(1), 3-9.

Godfrey, S. (1994). Doll therapy. Australian Journal of Ageing, 13(1), 46.

Grant, M. (2005). Improving quality of life for Department of Veterans Affairs nursing home residents through music and art. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 42(5), XI-XII.

Groene, R.W. (1993). Effectiveness of music therapy—1:1 intervention with individuals having senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Music Therapy, 30(3), 138-157.

Halpern A.R.; Ly, J.; Elkin-Frankston, S. & O’Connor, M.G. (2008). "I Know What I Like": Stability of aesthetic preference in Alzheimer's patients. Brain and Cognition, 66(1), 65-72.

Hannemann, B.T. (2006). Creativity with Dementia Patients: Can Creativity and Art Stimulate Dementia Patients Positively? Gerontology, 52(1), 59-65.

Hanser, S.B. (2005). Challenges of music therapy in a world of need. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 32(3), 217-224.

Harlan, J. (1990). Beyond the patient to the person: promoting aspects of autonomous functioning in individuals with mild to moderate dementia. American Journal of Art Therapy, 28, 99-105.

Heath, Y. (2004). Evaluating the effect of therapeutic gardens. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 19, 239-242.

Hellestrom, I.; Nolan, M.; & Lundh, U. (2007). Sustaining ‘Couplehood’: Spouses strategies for living positively with dementia. Dementia, 6(3), 383-409.

Hill, H. (1999). Dance Therapy and Communication in Dementia. Signpost, 4(1), 13-14.

Holmes, C.; Knights, A.; Dean. C.; Hodkinson, S. & Hopkins, V. (2006). Keep music live: music and the alleviation of apathy in dementia subjects. International Psychogeriatrics, 18(4), 623-630.

James, I.F.; MacKenzie, L.; & Mukaetova-Landiska, E. (2006). Doll use in care homes for people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(11), 1093-1098.

James, I,F.; Reichelt, K.; Morse, R; Mackenzie, L.; & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. (2005). The Therapeutic Use of Dolls in Dementia Care. Journal of Dementia Care, 13(3), 19-21.

Jenny, S. & Oropeza, M. (1993). Memories in the Making: A Program of Creative Arts Expression for Alzheimer’s Patients. Alzheimer’s Association of Orange County, California: California.

Jensen, S.M. (1997). Multiple pathways to self: A multisensory art experience. Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14, 178-186.

Jennings, B. & Vance, D. (2002). The short-term effects of music therapy on different types of agitation in adults with Alzheimer’s. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 26, 27-33.

Jerrome, D. (1999). Circles of the Mind. Journal of Dementia Care, 7(3), 20-24.

Johnson, C.M. & Sullivan-Marx, E.M. (2006). Art Therapy: Using the Creative Process for Healing and Hope Among African American Older Adults. Geriatric Nursing, 27, 5, 309-316.

Johnson, C.M.; Lahey, P.; & Shore, A. (1992). An Exploration of Creative Arts therapeutic group work on an Alzheimer’s unit. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 19(4), 269-277.

Jonas-Simpson, C. & Mitchell, G.J.. (2005). Giving voice to expressions of quality of life for persons living with dementia through story, music, and art. Alzheimer's Care Quarterly, 6(1), 52-61.

Kahn-Denis, K. (1997). Art therapy with geriatric dementia clients. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association,14(3), 194-199.

Kamar, O. (1997). Light and Death: Art Therapy with a patient with Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of Art Therapy, 35, 120-121.

Kamar, O. (1997). Light and Death: art therapy with a patient with Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Art Therapy, 35, 120-121.

Killick, J. (2003). Funny and sad and friendly: A drama project in Scotland. Journal of Dementia Care, 11, 1, 24-26.

Killick, J. (2002). Holding a rainbow in our hands: art activities with people with dementia. Signpost, 6,3, 20-21.

Killick, J. (2001). The Power of Song. Elderly Care, 12,10, 12-13.

Killick, J. (2000). Storytelling and Dementia. Elderly Care, 12, 2, 8-10.

Killick, J. (1999). Pathways through pain: a cautionary tale. Journal of Dementia Care, 7, 1, 222-235.

Killick, J. & Allan, K. (2006). The Good Sunset Project: inside the interactions. Journal of Dementia Care, 14, 2, 27-29.

Killick, J. & Allan, K. (2000). Undiminished possibility: the arts in dementia care. Journal of Dementia Care, 7, 1, 22-24.

Killick, J. & Allan, K. (1999a). The arts in dementia care: tapping a rich resource. Journal of Dementia Care, 7, 4, 35-38.

Killick, J. & Allan, K. (1999b). The arts in dementia care: touching the human spirit. Journal of Dementia Care, 7, 5, 33-37.

Killick K. & Greenwood, H. (1995). Research in art therapy with people who have severe learning difficulties. In A. Gilroy and C. Lee (Eds.), Art and music therapy and research. London: Routledge.

Kinney, J. & Rentz, C. (2005). Observed well-being among individuals with dementia: Memories in the Making, an art program, versus other structured activity. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias, 20(4), 220-227.

Kolanowski, A. & Richards, K. (2002). Introverts and extroverts: leisure activity behavior in persons with dementia. Activities, Adaptation, and Aging, 26(4),1-16.

Korlin, D. & Wrangsjo, B. (2002). Treatment effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 11(1), 3-15.

Kovach, C. & Henschel, H. (1996). Planning activities for patients with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 22(9), 33-38.

Krout, R. (2007). Music listening to facilitate relaxation and promote wellness: integrated aspects of our neurophysiological responses to music. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(2),
134-141.

Kumar, A.; Tims, F.; Cruess, D. et al. (1999). Music therapy increases serum melatonin levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alternative Therapies, 5(6), 49-57.

Kydd, P. (2001). Using music therapy to help a client with Alzheimer’s disease adapt to long-term care. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 16, 2, 103-108.

Lev-Wiesel, R. & Hirshenzon-Segev, E. (2003). Alzheimer’s disease as reflected in self-figure drawings of diagnosed patients. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 30, 83-89.

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